Enron’s implosion was caused by a Culture problem, not a Compliance problem. Yet, the Human Resources Group at Enron, the people charged with managing culture, thought that everything was fine. Employee surveys showed that Enron’s work environment was great and improving. There were neither objections nor complaints from the employees. Enron was inundated by job applicants. The HR Group won national awards for its employee manual, visions and values statement, and training programs. Yet, in just a four-month span, Enron imploded and declared bankruptcy, destroying $40 billion of shareholder wealth and retirement savings, and resulting in tens of thousands of lost jobs at Enron, Arthur Andersen, and other companies. Corporate disasters keep happening, from Enron, to the financial crisis, to General Electric today, and to hundreds of companies in between. Fastow discusses the common thread of all of these disasters; the phenomenon that HR, Senior Management, and Directors keep missing.